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Title: Traffic Calming: A Guide to Street Sharing Author: Wallwork, M. J. Publisher: Jacksonville (FL): Genesis Group, Inc. Year: 1993 Keywords: Accident frequency reduction; Accident severity reduction; Speed reduction; Traffic control; Speed control; Traffic diversion; Highway design; Traffic; Neighborhoods; Traffic restraint; Traffic calming devices Abstract: Traffic calming should be an essential part of each authorities' work, as it can have a significant effect on people's lives. If done well with aesthetically pleasing treatments, the street environment is enhanced while the traffic becomes a partner rather than the dominant party in the neighborhood. All people can move more freely and safely around their neighborhood. More children will grow up to be adults, with fewer scars, and others will live longer and more fruitful lives in a more pleasant environment. Traffic calming is a negative reaction to a problem caused by bad planning/zoning and/or street design. We need to be proactive in our approach and learn from the past and from others.

Title: Traffic Calming: Design and Effectiveness of 20 mph Zones. In: Traffic Management and Road Safety. Proceedings of Seminar C Held at the PTRC European Transport, Highways and Planning 21st Summer Annual Meeting, September 13-17, 1993, UMIST. Volume P3 Author: Mackie, A. M.; Hodge, A. R.; Webster, D. C. Publisher: London: PTRC Education and Research Services, Ltd. Year: 1993 Keywords: Accident frequency reduction; Cut through traffic reduction; Speed humps; Speed limits; Speed reduction; Urban areas; Residential areas; Speed; Traffic restraint; Accident rates; United Kingdom Abstract: Traffic Calming using 20 mph zones was introduced in the UK in January 1991. The paper reviews the design and effectiveness of the schemes which Local Highway Authorities have installed. By the end of 1992, thirty-six zones had been given approval for temporary status, and four of the authorizations had been made permanent. The most quoted reason for applying for a 20 mph zone was accident reduction, but high traffic speeds and "rat-runs" causing unsuitable use by through- traffic were also seen as problems. The Department of Transport encourages local authorities to make the 20 mph zones part of area- wide safety management schemes to try to avoid accident migration, but generally schemes were quite small, comprising only a very limited network of roads or occasionally only one road. There was an average of about 25 measures per scheme, usually flat-topped road humps. There is a requirement that such physical engineering measures be used to ensure compliance with the 20 mph limit. Early indications of effects on accidents are encouraging. The overall reduction is 65 per cent with no evidence of increase in the surrounding untreated areas.

Title: Traffic Calming: The Solution to Urban Traffic and a New Vision for Neighborhood Livability Author: CART (Citizens Advocating Responsible Transportation) Publisher: Tigard (OR): Sensible Transportation Options for People Year: 1993 Keywords: Cut through traffic reduction; Public participation; Streets; Traffic safety; Transportation safety; Brisbane (Australia); Public participation; Community action programs; Highway planning; Neighborhoods; Traffic flow; Urban areas; Residential areas; Traffic restraint; Quality of life; Australia Abstract: This well-researched handbook from Australia presents compelling evidence that narrower streets, reduced sightlines, and increased pedestrian space effectively slow traffic, reduce the number and severity of accidents, and still provide greater mobility.

Title: Traffic Safety in the Light of the Recent Changes Occurring in Poland. In: Links Across Europe. British National Congress, Brighton, 8-12 November 1993 Author: Blonski, T. Publisher: Paris: Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC) Year: 1993 Keywords: Highways; Traffic safety; Traffic signs; Poland; Economics; Traffic; Statistics; Accident rates; Traffic restraint; Geographical information systems Abstract: A trend towards increasing road usage in Poland is described and accident statistics provided. The effects on traffic of the change to a market economy are discussed. The role of a variety of organizations in road safety, such as the police and the media, is considered. Features of the highway infrastructure and how it is administered are outlined. Improvements being undertaken to the infrastructure are described including the elimination of black spots, traffic calming and the introduction of new road markings and traffic signs. Also planned is the use of the Geographical Information System to analyze accidents.

Title: Transport, the Environment and Sustainable Development. Chapter 12 in: Assessments of Institutional Responses Author: Banister, D., ed.; Button, K., ed.; Bendixson, T.; Whitelegg, J. Publisher: United Kingdom: E & FN Spon Year: 1993 Keywords: Road pricing; Land use planning; Environmental impacts; Quality of life; Park and ride; Policy; Environment Abstract: The institutional responses to issues of environmental policy and transport raise a number of key questions: non-car lifestyles, the potential of current technology, the development of London's airports, land use planning, telecommunications and homeworking, public transport, park and ride, road capacity, the concept of saturation, road pricing, traffic calming and elderly drivers. John Whitelegg criticizes the assessments made so far by contributors to the book, discerning in particular a 'business as usual' approach. He considers that none of the papers convey the seriousness of the environmental problems facing the planet and the culpability of transport. In particular a conflict between the basic freedoms to travel and to have a reasonable quality of life is identified.

Title: A Comparative Evaluation of Speed Humps and Deviations Author: Klik, M; Faghri, A. Journal: Transportation Quarterly Vol: 47 pp. 457-469 Year: 1993

Title: An Improved Traffic Environment: A Catalogue of Ideas Author: Herrstedt, Lene; Kjemtrup, Kenneth; Borges, Per; Andersen, Peter Publisher: Denmark: Road Data Laboratory (Road Standards Division, Report 106) Year: 1993 Full Text: http://www.ite.org/traffic/documents/tcir0073.htm Keywords: Laws and legislation; Speed limits; Traffic restraint; Urban areas; Residential areas; Speed control; Denmark Abstract: Summarizes the experience with traffic calming in Denmark. Contains a brief description of the development of the traffic calming concept, the planning process, a short account of what can be achieved by reducing car traffic volume and lowering car speed, introduction of the concept of traffic management by design, the elements of urban space and speed levels - streets and roads, squares, points - from both large and small towns, cheap and expensive solutions and both wholly and partly implemented schemes. Each example includes a description in text and pictures of the conversion and the results achieved.

Title: Traffic Calming In: Traffic Safety Toolbox Author: Wallwork, M. J. Publisher: Washington (DC): Institute of Transportation Engineers Year: 1993

Title: Road Humps for the Control of Vehicle Speeds Author: Lines, C. J. Journal: Traffic Engineering and Control Vol: 34:1 pp. 2-7 Year: 1992 Keywords: Laws and legislation; Speed humps; Traffic regulations; Abstract: In the 1970s, the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) undertook research on road humps that led to the standard U.K. hump design and the initial legislation that governed their use. With the increasing interest in traffic calming and the growing number of 20 mile/h zones, it seems an appropriate time to review this research and the changes in the regulation. TRRL has obtained measurements of speeds on roads where circular-profile and flat-topped humps have been installed and new relationships for speeds midway between humps and hump eparation have been derived. The latest speed measurements show that the relationship between spacing and vehicle speed has changed for 100-mm high circular-profile humps, with the average speeds now being higher.

Title: Traffic Growth and the Urban Environment Author: Stokes, G. Publisher: Oxford: Transport Studies Unit, University of Oxford Year: 1992

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